The Kidneys are essential organs that form part of the genito-urinary system. The kidneys filter the blood and the waste products are transferred through the ureters to be stored in the bladder as urine. Urine is then discharged through the urethra to empty the bladder.

The kidneys also produce three important hormones: erythropoitin (EPO), which triggers the production of red blood cells in bones; renin, which regulates blood pressure...

Bladder cancer is responsible for approximately 3% of all malignancies diagnosed in New Zealand each year. Bladder cancer is more common in men than women and typically affects people over 60 years of age. The main risk factor for this disease is cigarette smoking. Nearly all are transitional cell cancers (arising from the inner lining cells of the bladder). Rarer bladder tumours include adenocarcinoma (usually arising from the urachus) and squamous cancer (associated with chronic inflammation and schistosomiasis)...

Prostate cancer develops in the prostate, a gland in the male reproductive system that helps make and store seminal fluid. Most prostate cancers are slow growing; however, there is a subgroup (about a third) of aggressive prostate cancers. The cancer cells may metastasize (spread) from the prostate to other parts of the body, particularly the bones and lymph nodes. Usually prostate cancer does not cause symptoms early on and symptoms develop during later stages of the disease. This has led to prostate cancer screening...

Testicular cancer is a relatively rare form of cancer and accounts for only 1 percent of cancers in men; however it is the most common cancer in men between the ages of 15 and 40. Nevertheless, testicular cancer is one of the most treatable forms of cancer, with cure rates approaching 100% if detected early.

The testes or testicles are part of the male reproductive system and produce sperm cells, as well as the male sex hormone testosterone...