Urinary stones (calculi) are hardened mineral deposits that form in the kidney. Salt crystals form when the urine becomes highly concentrated and can grow in size if they fail to pass through the urinary tract. If they become large enough they may cause obstruction to the urinary drainage pathway resulting in pain and bleeding. Sometimes this may be complicated by infection and loss of kidney function. Urinary stones may contain various combinations of chemicals. The most common type of stone contains calcium...

Erectile Dysfunction (Impotence)

The erection mechanism is complex involving nerves, arteries bringing blood to the erectile structures and veins taking it away.

Many different disease processes may effect any or all of these components and cause the mechanism to fail. As men get older it may become more difficult for them to achieve and/or maintain an erection.

Haematuria is usually divided into macroscopic (visible) and microscopic (where the blood is found only on dipstick or microscopic examination). Further clinically relevant distinctions can be made between painful and painless haematuria, and haematuria of renal (medical) and post-renal (urological) origin. Routine haematuria investigation usually involves flexible cystoscopy, to look at the bladder and a scan to look at the kidneys and ureters...

Haematuria (blood in urine) is a common condition and one which must be taken seriously. Although in the majority of cases no sinister cause is found it must be investigated to exclude treatable disorders. Haematuria is usually divided into macroscopic (visible) and microscopic (where the blood is found only on dipstick or microscopic examination). Further clinically relevant distinctions can be made between painful and painless haematuria, and haematuria of renal (medical) and post-renal (urological) origin...